Background: Along with rapid economic growth, many natural regions, meadows, farms, etc. have been converted into unbridled urban areas. Urban development converts natural areas into districts full of buildings leading to disrupted ecological balance of the ecosystem. The CARRYING CAPACITY (CC) of urban ecosystems needs to be estimated because they require large amounts of materials and energy as well as the ability of pollutant absorption in a small location. The amount of material and energy used in cities may be more than of that provided by urban CC. High consumption rate is associated with high levels of contamination that transcends the UCC. Therefore, the CC of the urban environment and its population CAPACITY must be evaluated for urban development planning. Materials and Methods: In this study, UCC load number within the pressure-state-impact-response (PSIR) framework and 20 indicators were used to evaluate the CC and pressure on the urban ecosystem of Semnan. Results: According to the results, the load number in the district 1 was equal to 180. 05with a low to moderate pressure on the urban ecosystem. The load numbers in districts 2 and 3 were respectively 230. 41 and 272. 86 imposing a moderate to high pressure on urban ecosystem. Conclusions: Because of the greater population density in the District 3, materials and energy consumption and waste production was higher leading to a higher pressure on the urban ecosystem.

Recreational planning is one of the important aspects in regional management network of any country. Overpopulation of the cities, settlement pattern changes, and the presence of a wide scope of environmental and social problems and also the higher proportion of recreational activities in peoples" lives, are issues that necessitate the need for planning and programming of proper recreational schemes in urban and suburban areas. In the meantime, there is more demand for recreation and spending time in natural regions due to their scenic beauties and aesthetic and educational values, although these areas are more susceptible and sensitive in terms of their fragile environment. Determining the assimilative or CARRYING CAPACITY of recrational areas (whether natural or man-made) will not only maintain their potential values, particularly in natural part, but it will also be an effective factor in providing an acceptable recreational experience for the visitors. This paper attempts to analyse and evaluate the CARRYING CAPACITY of various recreational activities and types and their relative potentials. The existing standards cannot be useful as absolute scientific pattern in our country, however, a comparison of present data and their evaluation under different natural, economic, and social conditions of Iran can be an advantageous approach (strategy) for dynamic management of leisure and recreational resources. Many field observations have indicated that ignoring this, can endanger recreation center and the stability of the resources.

Due to the increasing population and demands for recreational resources, estimating the caring CAPACITY of such resources and sustainable use of these recourses is very important to human societies. The current paper investigated the recreational CARRYING CAPACITY of four urban parks of Qom city including, Hashemi, Nabovat, Fadak, and Alavi park. The required data collected via questionnaire and climatic data from meteorology station of Qom. Finally, the physical, real and effective CARRYING CAPACITY of the four selected parks was calculated. The result showed that Alavi had the highest and Nabovat the lowest recreational CARRYING CAPACITY and management capacities play an important role in the estimated value of recreational CARRYING CAPACITY. Results also showed that demand level is less than CARRYING CAPACITY in winter and autumn seasons and weekdays. It increases in spring and summery seasons, weekend and holydays and after sunset and it exceeds the CARRYING CAPACITY. So given the peak time of visit, the park's CAPACITY must be tolerate this times and this issue should be considered in planning and management of parks. Therefore, park managers need to plan carefully for equal distribution of users in different seasons and times to reduce pressure on park resources and facilities.

The CARRYING CAPACITY is well identified tool to manage problems due to uncontrolled tourism for any destination. This report highlights the CARRYING CAPACITY estimation of Kerwa tourism area, Bhopal, India. The methodology used in this report is a new two-tier mechanism of impact analysis using index numbers derived from a survey of 123 stakeholders. From this the individual component impact analysis and the total CARRYING CAPACITY of the area is computed in order to state the insight of the total CARRYING CAPACITY left for the tourism activities in Kerwa tourism area. It is calculated from, the results so obtained, that the Kerwa catchment area falls in “very low impact category” and hence in a healthy state of the artwork in terms of total CARRYING CAPACITY. The study conveys the current need in the destination management and tourism development as a road map for the destination managers for implementing sustainable tourism.

Introduction: Today, tourism activity as a non-smoke industry has been considered as a reason from one side and as a consequence of globalization from another side. (Mow forth and Munt, 2003, P9). Thus tourism planning is considered as one of the significant aspects in regional and national management of each country. Regardless of the necessities, the importance of Tourism is to the extent that human is invited to this issue in Holy Quran. It is completely evident that concerning these issue natural pleasure areas has an important place for human to spend their leisure time and pleasure areas are planned based on capacities and existing natural resources of each area or at least is an important factor to identify a place as pleasure area. It is evident that in such circumstances it is important to maintain dynamics, quality and quantity of these natural resources in order to continuous productivity and providing a reasonable tourism experience to the passengers.(Kessler 1994). Therefore considering that the natural resources are very vulnerable and sensitive which are God''s gifts and product of the nature and since they have beauties and aesthetic and educational values, they are liked by people to spend their leisure time there and evaluation and examination of pleasure areas CARRYING CAPACITY gets importance. Identifying CARRYING CAPACITY for all pleasure areas (whether natural or man-made) not only results in maintaining their potential values specially in natural areas but also it provides an ideal quality of bioenvironmental , visional , psychological and social characteristics, which are necessary issues to acquire an acceptable experience for tourists( Nahrli & Rezaei 1990). In this article tourism CARRYING CAPACITY of Zanjanrood Riverine will be examined based on expectation and establishment of various tourism activities and their comparative potentialities. The objective of this article is quantitative estimation of the number of tourists in Zanjanrood area by maintaining ideal tourism experience and not damaging tourist attractions and resources of human and natural environments. Moreover it should not be considered as a threat for the host society based on specific sustainable development rules and regulations.Methodology: Research methods are mainly regulated based on the nature of the topic and objectives of each research. According to research objective, a combination of discovering method , explanation and analysis to achieve the required information is selected and in the process of a library examination and internet search, research and practical articles as well as case studies outcomes or the summary of reports published in national and international scientific-research magazines relating to CARRYING CAPACITY were extracted and studied and by comparing theoretical basis and applied methods in them it is tried to introduce concepts and framework of methodology of CARRYING CAPACITY. It is also tried to study physical CARRYING CAPACITY (PCC) and real CARRYING CAPACITY (RCC) in Zanjanrood area. Discussion: A) Physical CARRYING CAPACITY (PCC) The area of appropriate tourism limit (A) is equal to 37 Hectares which would change to square meter. The amount of required space for each tourist for extended entertainment according to standards is 30 meter and its RF is: RF= 6/6 1×0/03×37000=11100 B) Real CARRYING CAPACITY (RCC) B-1) Bio-Environmental One of the most significant bio environmental elements is; slope, lands coverage and ground waters that each of them makes some difficulties for the tourists. These elements either don’t have the capability of having tourists or in some cases the presence of the tourist results in the damage of environment. Lands coverage (water or rain planting) Although the tourist area of the river outskirt of Zanjanroud is considered as the point of tourist activities of the region, we should not forget that the type of land coverage is not appropriate for developing touristy activities and presence of the tourists. The main function of this area is agriculture but in accordance with its different spaces it could have tourist function as well which is done in the form of Agro Tourism. From 200 hectares space, about 1629797 square meters which is 81/4%of the total area includes planting, agricultural and gardening lands. Slope Being appropriate with the type of the function of the lands equal to 37 hectares for the total space is convenient for the presence of the tourists. In the slope layers 0-50% there is a capability for tourist activities that the slope of 0-80% is appropriate for focused pleasure, 0-25% for developed pleasure of the 1st type and 25-50% appropriate for developed pleasure of the 2nd type. So the slopes with over 50% don’t have the capability for tourist activities. In this are there is no slope over 50%. Ground waters One of the limitations which should be considered in real CARRYING CAPACITY (RCC) is the ground waters. The extent of ground waters of Zanjanroud is 15 meters from each side in accordance with existing rules and regulations. The deducted area for the purpose of ground waters of the site is 07931 square meters which includes 5/3% of the total space. RCC=PCC-Cƒ1-Cƒ2-Cƒ3-… CF1=5.3%+81.4%=86.7% RCC=100%-86.7%=13.3% Therefore the bio environmental CAPACITY of the area approximately is 1476 people. Of course the real CAPACITY could be estimated after designing and establishment of the desired functions in the special area along with calculation of the total area of each of service, cultural and installation functions. In this article considering the available information we only would examine the bio-environmental aspect of the real CARRYING CAPACITY. 11100×13.3%=1476Conclusion: In planning for developing the quantity resulting from the estimation of CARRYING CAPACITY, as a special characteristic for the area under development, gives the possibility to the evaluators and decision makers that by knowing the permitted amount or the total resources of the desired land to regulate their plans in a way that in long term they make sure that the area would keep its natural CAPACITY and productivity and its ecosystem processes. Hence by estimation of CARRYING CAPACITY we could consider a trustable quantitative basis for decision making in the field of bearable thresholds for accepting the over weight resulted from productivity to be provided to the planners. During the recent years the places like Zanjanroud which we have many similar place like it, have been welcomed by many tourists. But their view towards this area was enjoying the visional beauties rather than tourist point of vies so we experience a wrong management system on these areas. The present research in addition to providing the theoretical principals endeavors to identify both physical and real tourist CARRYING capacities of Zanjanrood outskirt. Thus, by considering the above mentioned issues and applying these capacities to provide a solution to enhance the tourist capability of this area. In estimation of the CARRYING CAPACITY, elements like training the tourists, average of duration of stay, tourists characteristics and host society , geographical concentration of tourism, season, type of tourism activities, access to specific sites, access to infrastructures, and possible additional capacities are of the elements which influence the CAPACITY og the area. The tourists who have environmental information are responsible about the environment and would like to have a positive effect on the visiting environment.

In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to improve the Maximum Load CARRYING CAPACITY (MLCC) of flexible robot manipulators. The maximum allowable load which can be achieved by a flexible manipulator along a given trajectory is limited by the joints' actuator CAPACITY and the end effector accuracy constraint. In an open-loop approach, the end effectors deviation from the predeffned path is significant and the accuracy constraint restrains the maximum payload before actuators go into saturation mode. By using a controller, the accuracy of tracking will improve. The actuator constraint is not a major concern and, therefore, the full power of the actuators, which leads to an increase in the Maximum Load CARRYING CAPACITY, can be used. In this case, the controller can play an important role in improving the maximum payload, so a robust controller is designed. However, the control strategy requires measurement of the elastic variables' velocity, which is not conveniently measurable. So, a nonlinear observer is designed to estimate these variables. A stability analysis of the proposed controller and state observer is performed on the basis of the Lyapunov Direct Method. In order to verify the effectiveness of the presented method, simulation is done for a two link flexible manipulator. The obtained maximum payload for open and closed-loop cases is compared, and the superiority of the method is illustrated.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Water resources CARRYING CAPACITY is dynamic and can be influenced by catastrophic volcanic eruptions. The eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 changed the landscape and community livelihoods due to the redistribution of a large volume of volcanic materials. This study aims to analyze water resources CARRYING CAPACITY before and after the major 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi. METHODS: The value of water resources CARRYING CAPACITY is derived from that of water availability and the domestic water needs per capita per year. The model uses a grid of 100 x 100 meter cells to determine the spatial distribution of water resources CARRYING CAPACITY in Krasak watershed, and this analysis considers the years 2008, before the eruption, and 2021, after the eruption. The population distribution data have been previously mapped by referring to statistical data and land use at the village level, while water availability is calculated considering rainfall, potential evaporation rate, and runoff. FINDINGS: Water resources CARRYING CAPACITY in Krasak watershed has undergone changes related to the distribution of volcanic material and human activities. The water resources CARRYING CAPACITY for both periods experienced a surplus, although there has been an average decrease of 331. 50 cubic meters per year for each grid cell. Water resources CARRYING CAPACITY analysis shows a decline, especially in the midstream and downstream. Based on T-Test, there are significant changes in the water resources CARRYING CAPACITY at 2008 and 2021 (p-value 0. 047 and 95% confidence level). CONCLUSION: Water resources CARRYING CAPACITY increased only in some locations that occurred ecosystem succession after the eruption, although areas near the peak are decreased by sand and stone mining. The spatial-gridded model proved capable of analyzing this phenomenon.

The calculation of the load CARRYING CAPACITY of variable thickness circular plates subjected to arbitrary rotational symmetric loading is presented. The analysis considers plate materials that obey either the square or the Tresca yield criterion. By using upper and lower bound theorems of limit analysis, corresponding estimations for the load CARRYING CAPACITY of the plate are obtained. It is shown that these two bounds are identical. Therefore, the obtained solution would represent the exact amount of the load CARRYING CAPACITY of the variable thickness circular plate. Finally, in order to obtain solutions for some special cases, plates having step changes in thickness and those with linear thickness variation are considered and corresponding results are illustrated.